Mass Spectrometry A Textbook 3e

书籍目录

书籍简介

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Introduction

1.1 Mass Spectrometry: Versatile and Indispensable

1.2 Historical Sketch

1.3 Aims and Scope of This Textbook

1.4 What Is Mass Spectrometry?

1.5 Ion Chromatograms

1.6 Performance of Mass Spectrometers

1.7 Terminology – General Aspects

1.8 Units, Physical Quantities, and Physical Constants

1.9 Further Reading

1.10 Quintessence

Principles of Ionization and Ion Dissociation

2.1 Gas Phase Ionization by Energetic Electrons

2.2 Vertical Transitions

2.3 Ionization Efficiency and Ionization Cross Section

2.4 Internal Energy and the Further Fate of Ions

2.5 Quasi-Equilibrium Theory

2.6 Time Scale of Events

2.7 Internal Energy – Practical Implications

2.8 Reverse Reactions – Activation Energy and Kinetic Energy Release

2.9 Isotope Effects

2.10 Determination of Ionization Energies

2.11 Determining the Appearance Energies

2.12 Gas Phase Basicity and Proton Affinity

2.13 Ion–Molecule Reactions

2.14 Summary of Gas Phase Ion Chemistry

Isotopic Composition and Accurate Mass

3.1 Isotopic Classification of the Elements

3.2 Calculation of Isotopic Distributions

3.3 Isotopic Enrichment and Isotopic Labeling

3.4 Resolution and Resolving Power

3.5 Accurate Mass

3.6 Applied High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

3.7 Resolution Interacting with Isotopic Patterns

3.8 Charge State and Interaction with Isotopic Patterns

3.9 Approaches to Visualize Complex HR-MS Data Sets

3.10 Vantage Point on the World of Isotopes and Masses

Instrumentation

4.1 How to Create a Beam of Ions

4.2 Time-of-Flight Instruments

4.3 Magnetic Sector Instruments

4.4 Linear Quadrupole Instruments

4.5 Linear Quadrupole Ion Traps

4.6 Ion Trap with Three-Dimensional Quadrupole Field

4.7 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance

4.8 Orbitrap Analyzer

4.9 Hybrid Instruments

4.10 Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Systems

4.11 Ion Detection

4.12 Vacuum Technology

4.13 Purchasing an Instrument

Practical Aspects of Electron Ionization

5.1 Electron Ionization Ion Sources

5.2 Sample Introduction

5.3 Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

5.4 Gas Chromatograph

5.5 Liquid Chromatograph

5.6 Low-Energy Electron Ionization Mass Spectra

5.7 Analytes for EI

5.8 Mass Analyzers for EI

5.9 Mass Spectral Databases for EI

5.10 EI in a Nutshell

Fragmentation of Organic Ions and Interpretation of EI Mass Spectra

6.1 Cleavage of a Sigma-Bond

6.2 Alpha-Cleavage

6.3 Distonic Ions

6.4 Benzylic Bond Cleavage

6.5 Allylic Bond Cleavage

6.6 Cleavage of Non-activated Bonds

6.7 Recognition of the Molecular Ion Peak

6.8 McLafferty Rearrangement

6.9 Retro-Diels-Alder Reaction

6.10 Elimination of Carbon Monoxide

6.11 Thermal Degradation Versus Ion Fragmentation

6.12 Alkene Loss from Onium Ions

6.13 Ion–Neutral Complexes

6.14 Ortho Elimination (Ortho Effect)

6.15 Heterocyclic Compounds

6.16 Guide to the Interpretation of Mass Spectra

Chemical Ionization

7.1 Basics of Chemical Ionization

7.2 Protonation in Chemical Ionization

7.3 Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry

7.4 Charge Transfer Chemical Ionization

7.5 Negative-Ion Chemical Ionization

7.6 Electron Capture Negative Ionization

7.7 Desorption Chemical Ionization

7.8 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization

7.9 Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization

7.10 Overview of CI, APCI, and APPI

Field Ionization and Field Desorption

8.1 Evolution of Field Ionization and Field Desorption

8.2 Field Ionization Process

8.3 FI and FD Ion Sources

8.4 Field Emitters

8.5 Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry

8.6 FD Spectra

8.7 Liquid Injection Field Desorption Ionization

8.8 General Properties of FI-MS and FD-MS

8.9 FI, FD, and LIFDI at a Glance

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

9.1 Concepts of Tandem Mass Spectrometry

9.2 Metastable Ion Dissociation

9.3 Collision-Induced Dissociation

9.4 Surface-Induced Dissociation

9.5 Tandem MS on TOF Instruments

9.6 Tandem MS with Magnetic Sector Instruments

9.7 Tandem MS with Linear Quadrupole Analyzers

9.8 Tandem MS with the Quadrupole Ion Trap

9.9 Tandem MS with Linear Quadrupole Ion Traps

9.10 Tandem MS with Orbitrap Instruments

9.11 Tandem MS with FT-ICR Instruments – Part I

9.12 Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation

9.13 Electron Capture Dissociation

9.14 Tandem MS with FT-ICR Instruments – Part II

9.15 Electron Transfer Dissociation

9.16 Electron Detachment Dissociation

9.17 Special Applications of Tandem MS

9.18 Tandem Mass Spectrometry Condensed

Fast Atom Bombardment

10.1 Brief Historical Sketch

10.2 Molecular Beam Solid Analysis

10.3 Ion Sources for FAB and LSIMS

10.4 Ion Formation in FAB and LSIMS

10.5 Liquid Matrices for FAB and LSIMS

10.6 Applications of FAB-MS

10.7 FAB and LSIMS: General Characteristics

10.8 Massive Cluster Impact

10.9 252Californium Plasma Desorption

10.10 Ionization by Particle Impact at a Glance

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

11.1 Ion Sources for LDI and MALDI

11.2 Ion Formation

11.3 MALDI Matrices

11.4 Sample Preparation

11.5 Applications of LDI

11.6 Applications of MALDI

11.7 Special Surfaces to Mimic the Matrix Effect

11.8 MALDI Mass Spectral Imaging

11.9 Atmospheric Pressure MALDI

11.10 Essentials of MALDI

Electrospray Ionization

12.1 Route Leading to Electrospray Ionization

12.2 Interfaces for Electrospray Ionization

12.3 Nanoelectrospray

12.4 Ion Formation in ESI

12.5 Multiply Charged Ions and Charge Deconvolution

12.6 Applications of ESI-MS

12.7 Electrospray Roundup

Ambient Desorption/Ionization

13.1 Concept of Ambient Desorption/Ionization

13.2 Desorption Electrospray Ionization

13.3 Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization

13.4 Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization

13.5 Other Methods Related to DESI

13.6 Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry

13.7 Atmospheric Pressure Solids Analysis Probe

13.8 Direct Analysis in Real Time

13.9 The World of Ambient Mass Spectrometry

Hyphenated Methods

14.1 Chromatography

14.2 Concept of Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

14.3 Quantitation

14.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

14.5 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

14.6 Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry

14.7 Tandem MS as a Complement to LC-MS

14.8 Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

14.9 Summary of Hyphenated Techniques

Inorganic Mass Spectrometry

15.1 Concept and Techniques of Inorganic MS

15.2 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry

15.3 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry

15.4 Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry

15.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

15.6 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

15.7 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

15.8 Summary